Objective:
To define the operational and technological requirements of low-altitude air defense systems for the Ground Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army (IRIA) to adapt to the evolving paradigm of future hybrid and novel threats.
Method:
This research is of a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) type, executed based on a three-dimensional needs assessment model (Equipment, Detection & Identification, Command & Control). In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 senior air defense experts with over 20 years of experience, and the data were coded using MAXQDA software. In the quantitative phase, 25 key indicators extracted from the qualitative phase were distributed as a questionnaire among 82 commanders and specialists, and the results were analyzed using statistical tests (one-sample t-test) in SPSS.
Findings:
The analysis results indicated a critical need in the Command & Control dimension to transition from a hierarchical structure to a network-centric/mission-command model and upgrade to multi-layered secure communications (fiber optic, encrypted radio, tactical satellite). In the Detection & Identification dimension, the necessity of integrating Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) resistant phased-array radars with fully automated multi-spectral electro-optical systems was confirmed as the primary solution for identifying Low Radar Cross-Section (L-RCS) targets and micro-drones.
Conclusion:
The analysis of the results, especially when aligned with the lessons learned from simulated hybrid operations (June 2024), demonstrates a functional gap in existing systems against multi-dimensional threats (drones, cruise missiles, electronic warfare). The modernization of IRIA's low-altitude air defense must be based on the extracted indicators